• Home
  • Accessibility
  • Link to Us
  • Contact Us
  • Site Map

President's DNA Initiative

  • About Us
  • Grant Funding
  • Training
  • Statistics
  • Research
  • Publications
  • Home
    • Advanced Search
    • Search Tips
    • Media Repository
    • About Us
      • Executive Summary
      • Using DNA to Solve Crimes
      • Using DNA to Protect the Innocent
      • Using DNA To Identify Missing Persons
      • Funding Requested Under the Initiative
      • Working Group Membership
      • DNA Initiative Meeting Transcripts
        • March 4, 2002 Meeting
          • Participants and Speakers (transcript)
          • Welcoming, Opening Remarks, and Goals and Objectives of AGID-LAB (transcript)
          • Introduction of Working Group Members and NIJ Staff (transcript)
          • DNA Analysis Backlogs (transcript)
          • CODIS Architecture Redesign Plan (transcript)
          • Advancements in DNA Technology (transcript)
          • State and Local Laboratory Perspective (transcript)
          • NIJ Backlog Reduction Programs (transcript)
          • Planning Session (transcript)
          • Closing Remarks (transcript)
        • October 21, 2002 Meeting
          • Welcoming, Introductions, and Opening Remarks (transcript)
          • South African Police Service Forensic Science Laboratory (transcript)
            • The Crime Problem in South Africa (transcript)
            • Forensic Automation Through Robotics (transcript)
              • The Marshal cassette (transcript)
              • The South Africa forensics lab and processing (transcript)
              • Cost saving (transcript)
          • Discussion of Automated Forensic DNA Analysis (transcript)
            • IT and Information Sharing (transcript)
              • Time lag, space, and staff issues (10/21/2002)
              • Time issues (10/21/2002)
              • How should Federal funds be allocated? (10/21/2002)
            • Integrating Systems (transcript)
            • Location of Evidence (transcript)
              • Proper storage -- standards and other issues
          • Mitochondrial DNA Analysis (transcript)
          • Public Comment (transcript)
          • Postconviction DNA Testing (transcript)
          • Closing Remarks (transcript)
        • October 22, 2002 Meeting
          • Opening Remarks (transcript)
          • Forensic Resource Network (transcript)
          • Transforming Practice Through Competency Building (transcript)
          • Developing a Resource Guide (transcript)
          • Addressing the Shortage of Qualified Laboratory Analysts (transcript)
          • Other Discussion Items (transcript)
          • NIJ-Supported Research (transcript)
          • DNA Databases (transcript)
          • Legislative and Policy Issues (transcript)
          • Federal Funding for DNA Analysis—Issues and Priorities (transcript)
          • Using DNA to Identify Unidentified Dead Bodies (transcript)
          • International DNA Analysis (transcript)
          • Elevating Forensic Tools Other Than DNA (transcript)
          • Closing Remarks (transcript)
    • Grant Funding
      • Forensic DNA Backlog Reduction
        • Program Requirements
        • How Funding Is Allocated
        • How You Can Use Funds
        • Results and Reporting
        • Program Legislation
        • Backlog Reduction Awards: FY 2007
        • Forensic DNA Capacity Enhancement Awards: 2004 - 2006
        • Forensic Casework Backlog Reduction Awards: 2004 - 2006
        • Restrictions on Access to Award Funds in Certain Circumstances
      • Convicted Offender/Arrestee DNA Backlog Reduction
        • Grants Program Funding: 2005 - 2007
        • Legislation
        • Outsourcing Contracts Program
          • Frequently Asked Questions on Sample Outsourcing
        • Grants Program
          • Allocation of Funds
          • How You Can Use Funds
          • Results and Reporting
      • Forensic DNA Research and Development Funding
      • Solving Cold Cases With DNA
      • Forensic Science Training Development and Delivery Program
      • Forensic DNA Laboratory Capacity Enhancement Program
        • Capacity Enhancement Funding Chart
      • Forensic Casework DNA Backlog Reduction
        • Forensic Casework DNA Backlog Reduction: Funding Chart
      • Other Related Grant Funding
    • Training
      • Forgot your password?
      • Request Received
      • Regional Cold Case Training
      • Thank you for your interest
      • Online Training
        • Forgot your username?
        • Username request notice
      • Onsite Training
        • NIJ Forensic Microscopy Training Program
      • Training Resources
        • Forensic Science Institutes
      • DNA Analyst Training Program
        • Therorical Foundation Courses
        • Testing Component
        • Laboratory Training Manual
      • DNA: A Prosecutor's Practice Notebook
      • What Every Law Enforcement Officer Should Know About DNA Evidence
      • Principles of Forensic DNA for Officers of the Court
      • Crime Scene and DNA Basics for Forensic Analysts
      • Hair Evaluation for DNA Analysis
      • Laboratory Orientation and Testing of Body Fluids and Tissues for Forensic Analysts
      • DNA Extraction and Quantitation for Forensic Analysts
      • DNA Amplification for Forensic Analysts
      • Amplified DNA Product Separation for Forensic Analysts
      • STR Data Analysis and Interpretation for Forensic Analysts
      • Population Genetics & Statistics for Forensic Analysts
      • Communication Skills, Report Writing, and Courtroom Testimony for Forensic Analysts
      • Non-STR DNA Markers: SNPs, Y-STRs, LCN and mtDNA
      • Advanced and Emerging DNA Techniques and Technologies
      • Laboratory Safety Programs
    • Statistics
      • Number of Profiles in the National Database
      • Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories
      • Backlog of DNA Samples
      • Numbers of Unidentified Dead
      • Statistics Behind a Match
        • Statistical Evaluation
    • Research
      • Research Articles from NIJ-Funded Research
      • New Research and Development Awards, 2006
      • General Research References
      • Forensic DNA Technology Working Group
      • Human DNA Quantitation
      • Y Chromosome
      • Compromised DNA Evidence
        • Novel STR Multiplexes With Reduced Size for the Analysis of Degraded DNA
      • Mitochondrial DNA
        • Mitochondrial DNA: Coding Region SNP Assay Development
        • Mitochondrial DNA LINEAR ARRAY Evaluation
      • Miniaturization and Automation
      • General Tools and Information
        • DNA Tools for Missing Persons Investigations: Improved DNA Recovery
        • AutoDimer
        • Evaluation of Genetic Variation in Major U.S. Population Groups Using Human Identity Testing Markers
      • Non-Human DNA
      • Alternative Genetic Markers
        • Autosomal SNP Assays
        • Gene Polymorphism and Human Pigmentation
      • Sperm Detection and Separation
      • Research by NIST Human Identity Lab
    • Publications
      • For General Interest
      • For Officers and Investigators
      • For Forensic Scientists
      • For Officers of the Court
      • For Medical Personnel
      • For Researchers
      • For Victim Advocates
      • For Victims
      • On Missing Persons
      • All Publications
    • In the News
    • About Forensic DNA
      • History of Forensic DNA Analysis
      • Basic Biology of DNA
      • Gathering DNA Evidence
        • Identifying DNA Evidence
        • Crime Scene Integrity
        • Chain of Custody
        • Transportation and Storage
      • Analyzing DNA Evidence
        • Steps in DNA Sample Processing
        • Types of DNA Samples Suitable for Testing
        • Possible Results From DNA Tests
        • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Analysis
        • Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis
        • Y-Chromosome Analysis
        • Mitochondrial Analysis
        • Short Tandem Repeat DNA Internet Database (STRBase)
      • Forensic Laboratory
        • Survey of DNA Crime Laboratories
      • The DNA Evidence Backlog
        • Forensic Casework Samples
        • Convicted Offender Backlog
        • Affect of Clearing the Backlog
    • Uses of Forensic DNA
      • Forensic DNA Databases
        • Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)
        • Capabilities of CODIS Software
        • Levels of the Database
        • NDIS Procedures and Administration
        • Types of Profiles in the Database
        • DNA Database Hits
      • Solving Crimes
        • Solving Cold Cases
          • Regional Cold Case Training
          • Denver DNA Cold Case Project
          • The Long and Short of DNA
            • DNA Technology Advancements
            • Types of DNA Analysis
          • How Can DNA Databases Aid Investigations?
            • What is CODIS?
            • How Does CODIS Work?
            • LDIS, SDIS, and NDIS
            • Limitations of Using the DNA Database
              • Evidence Backlogs
          • Practical Considerations
            • Evidence Considerations
            • Legal Considerations
            • Victim and Witness Considerations
          • Identifying, Analyzing, and Prioritizing Cases
            • Identify Potential Cases for Review
            • Case Review: Establish Priorities
            • Locating Case Files, Obtaining Evidence Logs, and Other Documentation
            • Evaluate for Probative Evidence
            • Continue Investigative Protocol
            • Follow Agency Procedures for Submitting DNA to CODIS
            • Prepare a John Doe Warrant
          • Cold Case Exhibits
            • Investigative Options
            • Common Items of Evidence
            • Sample Checklist
          • Cold Case Squads: Leaving No Stone Unturned
        • Solving Property Crimes
          • The DNA Field Experiment
          • Findings
          • Evaluating
          • Policy Implications
          • UK Experience
          • Virginia's Experience
        • DNA and Wildlife Forensics
      • Identifying Persons and Victims
        • Identifying Missing Persons
          • National Missing and Unidentified Persons System
          • Statistics on the Unidentified Dead
          • DNA Reference Kits
          • Analysis of Remains and Biological Samples
          • Educational Material for Families
          • Training and Assistance
          • Research, Development, and Testing
          • Identifying Persons and Victims Home
          • DNA Projects Target Missing Persons Cases
            • Tacking Problems with Missing Persons Databases
          • Publications
        • Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents
      • Postconviction Testing
        • Roles and Recommendations for Prosecutors
        • Roles and Recommendations for Defense
        • Roles and Recommendations for the Judiciary
        • Role of Law Enforcement
        • Roles and Recommendations for Laboratory Personnel
        • Roles and Recommendations for Victims' Advocates
        • Postconviction DNA Testing: Recommendations for Handling Requests
          • Background on DNA Testing
          • Framework for Analysis
            • Category 1 Example Cases
            • Category 2 Examples Cases
            • Category 3 Examples Cases
            • Category 5 Example Cases
          • The Roles of Participants
          • Legal Issues
            • The Impact of DNA Testing
            • Can a Right to Discovery be Inferred From Statutes?
            • Is There a Constitutional Right to Testing Under the Brady Doctrine?
            • Access to Testing Through Habeas Corpus Review
            • Other Bases to Obtain Access to Testing
            • What Kind of Showing Must the Petitioner Make to be Afforded Access to Testing
            • May Consensual Partners Be Required to Provide Elimination Samples?
            • Time Limits
            • Is a Petitioner Entitled to Testing in Order to Pursue Executive Clemency if the Results are Favorable?
            • Is an Indigent Petitioner Entitled to Have the State Pay for Postconviction DNA Testing?
            • Inmate Compensation
          • Biological Issues
            • Types of Samples Suitable for DNA Testing
            • Storage and Preservation of Samples
            • Determination of the Age of the Sample
            • Determining Which Samples to Test
            • Testing of Samples Deposited on Various Substrates
            • Previous Testing: Was It Done? What Do the Tests Mean?
            • Possible Results From DNA Tests
            • Location of Samples in Postconviction Cases
          • Recommendations for Prosecutors
            • Responding to a Request
              • Possible Responses to an Application for Postconviction DNA Testing
              • Get Information
              • Determine Relevancy
              • Provide Information
            • Information Gathering (evidence, transcript, what done)
              • What Was Done Previously
            • Assessing the Viability of the Claim
            • Consultation With Defense Counsel
            • Interaction With Victims
            • Pretesting Considerations
              • Consultation With Experts and Experience Colleagues
              • Elimination Samples
              • Mixtures
              • Blood Transfusions
              • Decide Whether to Order DNA Analysis Without Challenge
              • Notify Defense and Victim of Decision
              • Payment
            • Procedures After Postconviction Testing Results
          • Recommendations for Defense Counsel
            • Screening Initial Requests
              • Screening Steps
            • Information Gathering
            • Assessing the Viablilty of the Claim
            • Searching for the Evidence
            • Consultation With Prosecutors
            • Interactions With Victims and Dealing With the Media
            • Legal Avenues
            • Pretesting Considerations
            • Chain of Custody
            • Procedures After Results Are Obtained
          • Recommendations for the Judiciary
            • Information Gathering/Searching for Evidence
            • Pretesting Stage
            • Posttesting Procedures
          • Recommendations for Victim Assistance
            • Notifying the Victim
            • Requesting Samples from Victims
            • Ensuring Victim Privacy
            • Assisting Victims After Postconviction Results Have Been Obtained
          • Recommendations for Laboratory Personnel
            • Role of the Expert in the Laboratory
            • Selecting a Laboratory for DNA Testing
            • Selection of Samples for Testing
            • Retention of Samples for Future Testing
            • Quality Assurance Standards
          • Survey of Postconviction Statutes
          • Summary of Postconviction DNA Motions
          • Postconviction Issues Working Group
          • Back to "Uses of Forensic DNA"
      • Solving Cold Cases
        • Regional Cold Case Training
        • Back to "Uses of Forensic DNA"
        • Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases: Practical Guidance
          • The Long and Short of DNA
          • How Can DNA Databases Aid Investigations?
            • What is CODIS?
            • How Does CODIS Work?
            • LDIS, SDIS, and NDIS
            • Limitations of Using the DNA Database
              • Evidence Backlogs
          • Practical Considerations
            • Evidence Considerations
            • Legal Considerations
            • Victim and Witness Considerations
          • Identifying, Analyzing, and Prioritizing Cases
            • Identify Potential Cases for Review
            • Case Review: Establish Priorities
            • Locating Case Files, Obtaining Evidence Logs, and Other Documention
            • Evaluate for Probative Evidence
            • Continue Investigative Protocol
            • Follow Agency Procedures for Submitting DNA to CODIS
            • Prepare a John Doe Warrant
          • Cold Case Exhibits
            • Investigative Options
            • Common Items of Evidence
            • Sample Checklist
          • Cold Case Squads: Leaving No Stone Unturned (from the Bureau of Justice Assistance)
          • Back to "Uses of Forensic DNA"
      • Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents
      • Identifying Missing Persons
        • National Missing and Unidentifed Persons System
        • DNA Reference Kits
        • Analysis of Remains and Biological Samples
        • Educational Material for Families
        • Training and Assistance
        • Research, Development, and Testing
        • DNA Projects Target Missing Persons Cases
          • Tacking Problems with Missing Persons Databases
        • Publications
      • Solving Property Crimes
    • Tools for Forensic Scientists
      • Standard Reference Materials (NIST)
      • Population Data from STR Systems
      • Published STR Multiplexes
      • List of Three-Banded Allele Patterns
      • List of Variant Alleles
      • Software
        • Multiplex_QA
        • mixSTR
        • DNA_ConvertFormats
        • STR_MatchSamples
      • See also Services for Laboratories
    • State Profiles
      • Alabama
      • Alaska
      • Arizona
      • Arkansas
      • California
      • Colorado
      • Connecticut
      • Delaware
      • Florida
      • Georgia
      • Hawaii
      • Idaho
      • Illinois
      • Indiana
      • Iowa
      • Kansas
      • Kentucky
      • Louisiana
      • Maine
      • Maryland
      • Massachusetts
      • Michigan
      • Minnesota
      • Mississippi
      • Missouri
      • Montana
      • Nebraska
      • Nevada
      • New Hampshire
      • New Jersey
      • New Mexico
      • New York
      • North Carolina
      • North Dakota
      • Ohio
      • Oklahoma
      • Oregon
      • Pennsylvania
      • Rhode Island
      • South Carolina
      • South Dakota
      • Tennessee
      • Texas
      • Utah
      • Vermont
      • Virginia
      • Washington
      • West Virginia
      • Wisconsin
      • Wyoming
      • State-by-State Template NOT FOR PUBLIC
        • News Stories from STATE
    • Services for Laboratories
      • DNA Sample Analysis
      • DNA Laboratory Audits and Accreditation
      • DNA Sample Collection Kits
      • Quality Documents
      • NIJ Expert Systems Testbed Project
      • Sequencing Unusual STR Alleles
      • Validation Information for Labs
        • Standards and Guidelines for Validation
        • Validation Summary Sheets
      • Compilation and Management of U.S. Y-STR Reference Database
      • Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (FBI)
    • Statutes and Case Law
      • Laws on Forensic DNA
      • Legal Decisions on Forensic DNA
    • Statutes and Case Law
      • State Statutes
        • Database Statutes
        • Postconviction Statutes
        • State-by-State Statute Reference Collection
      • Case Law
        • DNA Database Case Law
        • Postconviction Case Law
        • STR DNA Admissibility Case Law
        • Mitochondrial DNA Case Law
        • DNA Statistics Case Law
        • Nonhuman DNA Case Law
        • John Doe Warrants
        • State-by-State Case Law Reference Collection
        • Circuit Court Case Law References
      • Federal Legislation
    • Glossary
    • Case Studies on the Uses of Forensic DNA
      • DNA Captures "Night Stalker"
      • DNA From Ligature Solves Rape Case
      • A Lifetime Struggle: The Courage of Kellie Green
      • A First Step Toward Healing: Crime Victim Debbie Smith's Story
      • DNA Database Solves Rape at University of Virginia
      • Preventable Crimes
        • Preventable Crimes in Alaska
        • Preventable Crimes in Arkansas
        • Preventable Crimes in California
        • Preventable Crimes in Hawaii
        • Preventable Crimes in Idaho
        • Preventable Crimes in Indiana
        • Preventable Crimes in Kentucky
        • Preventable Crimes in Louisiana
        • Preventable Crimes in Massachusetts
        • Preventable Crimes in Missouri
        • Preventable Crimes in Nebraska
        • Preventable Crimes in New Jersey
        • Preventable Crimes in New York
        • Preventable Crimes in North Carolina
        • Preventable Crimes in North Dakota
        • Preventable Crimes in Ohio
        • Preventable Crimes in Pennsylvania
        • Preventable Crimes in Rhode Island
        • Preventable Crimes in South Carolina
        • Preventable Crime Case Study Assumptions
      • Convicted by Juries, Exonerated by Science
        • Gilbert Alejandro
        • Kirk Bloodsworth
        • Mark Diaz Bravo
        • Dale Brison
        • Ronnie Bullock
        • Leonard Callace
        • Terry Leon Chalmers
        • Ronald Cotton
        • Rolando Cruz and Alejandro Hernandez
        • Charles Dabbs
        • Gerald Wayne Davis
        • Gary Dotson
        • Frederick Rene Daye
        • Edward Green
        • Ricky Hammond
        • William O'Dell Harris
        • Edward Honaker
        • Joe C. Jones
        • Kerry Kotler
        • Steven Linscott
        • Bruce Nelson
        • Brian Piszczek
        • Dwayne Scruggs
        • David Shephard
        • Walter Snyder
        • David Vasquez
        • Glen Woodall
    • Other Resources for DNA Information
      • DNA Initiative Partners
      • DNA and Forensics
      • State and Local Laboratories
      • The Human Genome
      • General Resources to Learn About DNA
      • General Research Resources
      • DNA and Medicine
      • DNA and Wildlife Forensics
      • Other Resources Home
      • Glossary
    • More Information
      • Contact Us
      • Privacy
      • FOIA
      • Accessibility
      • Thank You
      • Comments on DNA.gov (redirect)
      • Disclaimer
      • Non-Government Link Disclaimer
      • Comments on DNA.gov
      • Thank you for registering
      • Glossary
    • Browse by Audience
      • Officers/ Investigators
        • What You Should Know
          • What Is DNA?
          • Identifying DNA Evidence
          • Evidence Collection and Preservation
          • COmbined DNA Index System-CODIS
        • Solving Cold Cases
        • Solving Property Crimes
        • Publications for Offices/ Investigators
        • DNA Sample Collection Kits
      • Forensic Scientists
        • Tools for Forensic Scientists
        • Forensic DNA Research
          • All Research Articles
        • Onsite Training
        • Services for Laboratories
        • Publications for Forensic Scientists
        • DNA Forensics Technical Working Group
      • Officers of the Court
        • Free Online Training
        • Policy Considerations for Prosecutors
          • Notes
          • Early Case Evaluation by a Multidisciplinary Team
          • Discovery in DNA Cases
          • Suspect-Less Cases: Unsolved and Cold
            • Unsolved Cases
            • Cold Hits
          • Collaterally-Attached Closed Cases
          • Resource Allocation and Management
          • Sample Policies Relating to DNA Evidence
        • Postconviction Testing
        • Solving Cold Cases
        • Publications for Officers of the Court
      • Crime Lab Managers
        • Forensic DNA Backlog Reduction Program
        • Convicted Offender/Arrestee DNA Backlog Reduction Program
        • Other Related Grant Funding
        • Services for Laboratories
        • Quality Assurance Standards for Forensic DNA Testing Laboratories (FBI)
      • Researchers
        • Forensic DNA Research
        • Latest DNA Research from Science.gov
        • Research and Development Funding
          • Get Registered With Grants.gov
          • Find Other Funding on Grants.gov
        • Articles and Publications
      • Policymakers and Lawmakers
        • About Forensic DNA
        • Laws, Cases, and Rulings
        • Resources for Policymakers
          • National Criminal Justice Reference Service
          • National Clearinghouse for Science, Technology & Law
          • National Conference of State Legislators
          • National Criminal Justice Association
          • American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics
          • DNAPolicy.net: DNA and the Criminal Justice System
      • Victim Advocates
        • What You Should Know About DNA Evidence
          • DNA Evidence Collection
          • Contamination and Preservation
          • Interpreting DNA Test Results
          • Uses of DNA Evidence
          • Identifying DNA Evidence
          • Suggested Resources
        • About Forensic DNA
        • Office for Victims of Crime
        • Publications for Victims Advocates
  • About Forensic DNA
  • Uses of Forensic DNA
  • Tools for Forensic Scientists
  • State Profiles
  • Services for Laboratories
  • Statutes and Case Law
  • Case Studies on the Uses of Forensic DNA
  • Other Resources for DNA Information
  • Media Repository

Browse by Audience

  • Officers/ Investigators
  • Forensic Scientists
  • Officers of the Court
  • Crime Lab Managers
  • Researchers
  • Policymakers and Lawmakers
  • Victim Advocates
DNA.gov was a Finalist for the Web Managers Best Practice Award in 2006
President of the United States of America Home About Privacy FOIA No FEAR Act Legal Policies and Disclaimers Contact Us Site Map United States Department of Justice
U.S.A. dot Gov: The U.S. government's official web portal